Faking Images in Photojournalism

Article #4 Review
Paul Martin Lester reviews the history of photo fakery and cites various flagrant acts of manipulation since the early days of photography. In those days, even if the photographer did not reveal alterations, the original was often still available proof.

In the era of computer technology, there may be no original record of alteration, so it is difficult to prove that manipulation has taken place. Lester reminds the reader that justifications to alter an image do not change the fact that the image has been changed. Reality has been altered. The photographer or publisher that runs a manipulated image faces the risk of loosing public credibility.

In Lester's view, there are five key areas that are of greatest concern to most photojournalists regarding ethics in photojournalism:

Victims of Violence
As discussed in class, timing and appropriateness of images should be taken into consideration, but it’s the responsibility of the journalist to explain as Lester says, “underlying social forces that cause such tragic events to occur.” Often economic value wins in the battle of ethics over entertainment.

Picture Manipulation
Even though a publication may offer disclosure for an altered photo, the question always comes back to: where do we draw the line, or when is it ok to lie? When is it art and, when is it news? It seems that intent of the photographer is a key factor. Ultimately, the photographer may loose control over where the image appears. His intent may be completely lost and a new interpretation may become the new reality.

Stereotyping
As journalists it is our responsibility to be aware of cultural biases. An image may have a sub-conscious effect on a viewer – based on inaccurate conditioned assumptions that we carry of a particular gro.

Advertising/Editorial Blurring
An infomercial may appear informative and educational, but it is still a form of advertising with journalistic qualities-- another area of blurring the editorial line. We run the risk, again, of loosing the credibility of our viewers when we send out inconsistent messages.

Right to Privacy
Sensationalism and greed tend to invade the lives of “public personalities.” The act of providing an image at any cost can completely overshadow the importance of fairness and accuracy.

The 1946 Hutchins Commission provided a definition of news that still makes sense: “A truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of the day’s events in a context which gives them meaning.